Spatial distribution of phytochromes

Phytochromes are chromoproteins which mediate several light responses in plants. Phytochrome proteins are encoded by a gene family which is currently being characterized in several plant species. Analysis of type-specific mutants of two well-characterized members of the family, PhyA and PhyB, indicates that these proteins have distinct functions. Much remains to be learned about the mechanisms by which the phytochromes carry out their distinct and diverse functions. It is hoped that information concerning the localization of phytochromes, at the whole plant and subcellular levels, will aid in elucidating the mechanism of phytochrome function. This review, which summarizes information about phytochrome distribution, has an emphasis on recent reports in which the molecular species of phytochrome are differentiated. However, classical data are also included and reinterpreted using knowledge of the phytochrome family.     

气候变化下中国八种梧桐属树种潜在适生区模拟

中国梧桐属（Firmiana）在世界梧桐属中占比较大，且除梧桐外其余种均为中国特有且分布范围狭窄的植物种，灭绝风险大，研究气候变化对中国梧桐属树种的影响对于维护生物多样性具有重要的意义。结合多时期第六次国际气候耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）气候变量数据和中国八种梧桐属树种的分布数据，基于R语言kuenm程序包优化的最大熵（Maxent）模型模拟分析中国八种梧桐属树种在多尺度下的潜在适生区，得出梧桐属最适宜的模拟尺度、潜在适生区的面积变化和迁移方向、梧桐属多样性保护关键区域及保护空缺。结果表明：（1）梧桐属最适宜的模拟尺度为亚洲；（2） Maxent模型的接收者操作特征曲线下面积（AUC）值均大于0.9，表明模型对梧桐属潜在适生区预测结果具有较高准确度；（3）气候变化影响下除云南梧桐（Firmiana major）外其它树种的潜在适生区都将在未来有所扩大；（4）中国八种梧桐属树种潜在适生区迁移方向主要为东西向，南北向大跨度迁移较少，纬度变化不大；（5）丹霞梧桐（Firmiana danxiaensis）的稳定潜在适生区最小；（6）中国梧桐属多样性保护关键区域主要分布于广西壮族自治区及云南、广东、海南等省区；（7）中国梧桐属多样性保护空缺区域主要分布于广西壮族自治区中部及海南省北部；（8）梧桐属多样性保护关键区域正在为人造地表所侵蚀。研究分析气候变化对中国八种梧桐属树种的影响及其潜在适生区变化、中国梧桐属多样性保护状态，可为中国梧桐属建立多样性保护廊道提供相关建议，为制定多样性保护规划及相应措施提供参考。     

Computational method for the real-time calculation of the full-body muscle load distribution

A method is described for minimising a quadratic function subject to equality and inequality constraints. This approach is applicable to solving the full-body muscle load distribution problem and calculating joint contact loads. It has been found that this approach can provide the solution on modest computing facilities and in significantly less time than using active set and interior point quadratic programming techniques. Hence the approach is suitable for providing real-time feedback to subjects undergoing biomechanical analysis of muscle, skeletal and joint loadings.